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Extracted oil and gas in Indonesia remains owned by the State until it passes the point of export or other delivery points. Thereafter, the Government is entitled to a certain percentage of the production output as apportioned under the Production Sharing Contract (“PSC”), as is the Contractor.
Under the Oil and Gas Law (Law No. 22 of 2001 regarding Oil and Gas), entities in the form of a state-owned enterprise (“SOE”), regional-owned enterprise (“BUMD”), a cooperative, small business or private business entity may enter into a PSC with Special Task Force for Upstream Oil and Natural Gas Business Activities (“SKK Migas”) to undertake upstream oil and gas business activities. Pertamina, as an SOE and the state oil company, can hold participating interests in numerous PSCs as a Contractor of SKK Migas. There is no maximum limit on the participating interest that an SOE, BUMD or Pertamina may hold.
Upon the first Plan of Development (“POD”) approval, a Contractor is required to offer 10% Participating Interest (“PI”) in its PSC to a BUMD. The BUMD may accept or decline based on its financial capability, and in the latter event, the offer must be tendered to an SOE. As of the preparation of this article, Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (“MEMR”) is anticipated to issue a regulation on the requirements and procedures relevant to this 10% PI offer.
In addition, a 2015 MEMR regulation issued in light of the imminent expiry of several old-generation PSCs, as amended in 2016, stipulates that Pertamina may elect to resume the operations of a work area whose PSC is expiring, irrespective of whether the initial Contractor has applied for an extension. If both Pertamina and the initial Contractor express a willingness to operate a work area, the MEMR would have the authority to decide whether the operation would be resumed by Pertamina, the initial Contractor, or jointly between the two.
Indonesia does not impose royalties on PSCs, but secures the State’s minimum income through the first tranche petroleum (“FTP”) mechanism in later generation PSCs. FTP is the first take of oil or gas immediately after production in a work area in one calendar year that is received by the State prior to cost recovery and profit calculation; FTP, therefore, secures the State’s minimum income. The amount of FTP is determined in the PSC.
Taxes applicable to PSCs include income tax, VAT, import duties, regional taxes and other levies. The PSC may stipulate whether the tax laws and regulations applicable at the time of the PSC execution shall apply (stabilised) or whether the PSC shall follow every tax law and regulation issued over time. In addition, Contractors are required to pay non-tax state revenues such as exploration and exploitation fees and bonuses, including signing bonus and production bonus.
The sharing proportion between the Government and the Contractor is typically 85:15 for oil and 70:30 for gas, respectively. For non-conventional oil and gas, the production sharing is progressive based on annual cumulative production, with or without an operational cost-recovery mechanism. This is one of the Government’s recent moves to encourage investment in non-conventional oil and gas activities, as contained in MEMR Regulation No. 38 of 2015 regarding Expediting Non-Conventional Oil and Gas Operations.
SSEK - 4th may 2017
Capital: Jakarta
Population: 259 million (2016)
Currency: Indonesian Rupiah
Nominal GDP: $936 billion USD (IMF, 2016)
GDP Per Capita: $3,620 USD at Current Prices (IMF, 2016)
GDP Growth: 5.0% (2016)
External Debt: 36.80% of GDP (BI, Q2 2016)
Ease of Doing Business: 91/190 (WB, 2017)
Corruption Index: 90/176 (TI, 2016)
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